𝐙𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐧/𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐡𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫-𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐇𝐨𝐭𝐮 𝐂𝐚𝐯𝐞 (𝐜. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟎 BCE)

A fascinating figure from prehistory is the Zagrosian, or Iranian, hunter-gatherer woman from Hotu Cave (Mazandaran province of Iran), dating back to approximately 9150 BCE This woman embodies the Iran_N genetic cluster, a lineage that is a composite of ancient Iranian hunter-gatherers (Iran_Paleo) and Ancient North Eurasians (ANE).

Her genetic legacy is significant because the Iran_N cluster played a crucial role in the ethnogenesis of the Indus Valley Civilization. Through a complex process of admixture with the native South Asian hunter-gatherers, known as the Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI), this group contributed substantially to the genetic and cultural fabric of the region. The interactions between these groups facilitated the independent development of farming in the Indian subcontinent, a transformative advancement that underpinned the rise of one of the world's earliest urban civilizations.

This woman's story illustrates the intricate web of prehistoric human migrations and interactions. The genetic and cultural exchanges she represents are a testament to the dynamic processes that shaped early human societies. Her legacy, interwoven with the indigenous populations of South Asia, highlights the deep historical roots of the agricultural practices and societal structures that would later flourish in the Indus Valley Civilization, a cornerstone of ancient human development.

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